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Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness? Everything You Need To Know

Glaucoma is said to take away your vision slowly because of its damage to the optic nerve, which is important for seeing clearly. But does glaucoma cause blindness?

In this article, you’ll learn how glaucoma affects your eyes, the different types of glaucoma, and what treatments are available. You’ll also discover steps you can take to protect your eyesight.

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness?

Glaucoma harms the optic nerve, which helps your eyes send pictures to your brain. This damage often happens when eye pressure gets too high. The eye makes a clear fluid called aqueous humour, which usually drains out naturally.

But if this fluid does not drain properly, pressure builds up and eventually impairs the optic nerve. Over time, this might lead to permanent vision loss.

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness eyeThe Role Of Eye Pressure

Your eyes need normal pressure to keep their shape and work properly. But if the pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure (IOP), gets too high, it can press on the optic nerve and cause damage.

Some people can even develop glaucoma without high eye pressure. That’s why regular eye check-ups are so important!

Types Of Glaucoma And Their Impact On Vision

Glaucoma comes in different types, and each one affects your vision in its own way. Some types develop slowly and painlessly, while others appear suddenly and need quick treatment. Understanding the differences will help you know the amount of risk and take steps to protect your eyesight.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

This is a common type of glaucoma that occurs when the eye’s drainage angle becomes less efficient, causing pressure to build up.

  • It develops slowly and may not show any early signs.
  • Over time, it can cause peripheral vision loss (side vision).
  • Without treatment, blind spots may develop, leading to permanent vision loss.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG)

This type happens when the drainage angle suddenly closes, causing a quick rise in eye pressure. It can happen fast and needs emergency care.

  • Acute angle-closure glaucoma can cause bad eye pain, blurred vision, and nausea.
  • Chronic angle-closure glaucoma develops slowly but still damages the optic nerve over time.
  • If not managed, it can lead to vision loss.

Normal-Tension Glaucoma (NTG)

This type of glaucoma can damage the optic nerve, even when eye pressure is normal. The exact cause isn’t clear, but it might be because of poor blood flow to the optic nerve.

  • Vision loss happens slowly, making it hard to notice at first.
  • Regular eye exams are the way to catch it early.

Congenital Glaucoma

This less common type of glaucoma is present at birth. It happens when a baby’s eye fluid doesn’t drain properly.

  • Babies may have cloudy eyes, sensitivity to light, and excessive tearing.
  • If unmanaged, it can lead to blind spots, blurred vision, or permanent vision loss.
  • Early treatment can help protect the child’s eyesight.

Recognising The Symptoms Of Glaucoma

Glaucoma can be hard to notice at first because it often develops slowly and without pain. Many people don’t realise they have it until their vision starts changing. That’s why regular eye check-ups are so important!

As glaucoma gets worse, you may start to notice changes in your vision. Some signs to look out for include:

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness testChanges In Peripheral Vision

One of the early signs of glaucoma is losing side vision. This can happen so slowly that you may not realise it at first.

  • At first, you may not notice small gaps in your side vision.
  • Over time, your vision may feel narrower, like you’re looking through a tunnel.
  • This can make it hard to see objects to the side while walking or driving.

Blurred Vision

Glaucoma can also make your vision blurry or foggy, making it harder to see clearly.

  • You might find it hard to focus on objects, especially up close.
  • Things may look foggy or unclear, even when wearing glasses.

Blind Spots

As the optic nerve gets damaged, you may notice dark spots in your vision.

  • Small dark or missing areas in your vision may appear.
  • These blind spots can grow, making it harder to see clearly.

Severe Eye Pain (Especially With AACG)

Some types of glaucoma, like acute angle-closure glaucoma, can cause sudden and intense eye pain. This is a medical emergency.

  • The pain may be severe and sharp.
  • It may come with nausea, vomiting, and headaches.
  • If you experience this, seek medical help immediately.

Vision Changes In Dim Lighting

If glaucoma progresses, you may struggle to see in low light or adjust to darkness.

  • Walking in a dark room may feel difficult.
  • Night driving may become more challenging.

Eye Redness And Discomfort

Your eyes may feel irritated or uncomfortable, especially as the pressure inside the eye increases.

  • Your eyes may look red or irritated.
  • They may feel sensitive to light.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Glaucoma does not always cause early symptoms, so regular eye exams are necessary to catch it early. An eye doctor will look for signs of glaucoma before you even notice any vision changes.

To diagnose glaucoma, your eye doctor will perform a comprehensive dilated eye exam. This allows them to take a close look at your optic nerve, eye pressure, and vision. Here are some common tests they may use:

Visual Field Test

Glaucoma might cause blind spots in your vision, often without you realising it. A visual field test helps the doctor check if you have any missing areas in your sight.

  • You will be asked to focus on a target while responding to light signals.
  • This test maps out your field of vision to detect any changes.

Measuring Eye Pressure

Since eye pressure plays a big role in glaucoma, your doctor will check if it is within a healthy range.

  • This test helps determine if extra eye pressure may affect the optic nerve.
  • There are different ways to measure eye pressure, and your doctor will use the most suitable method.

Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT)

The optic nerve delivers visual information to your brain. Glaucoma can damage this nerve, so your doctor will examine it carefully.

  • OCT helps check for any signs of damage.
  • Tracking changes in this nerve over time can help with early detection.

Checking The Eye’s Drainage System

For some people, fluid inside the eye does not drain properly, which can raise pressure levels.

  • Your doctor may assess how well fluid drains from your eye.
  • If needed, treatment options can help improve fluid flow.

Treatment Options For Glaucoma

Glaucoma can’t be cured, but early management can help slow down vision loss. The goal of management is to lower IOP and protect the optic nerve from further damage. Your eye doctor will suggest the best possible option based on your type of glaucoma, eye pressure levels, and eye health.

Eye Drops

Eye drops are often the first step in managing glaucoma. They help lower eye pressure by improving how fluid drains from the eye or reducing the amount of fluid it produces.

  • Eye drops must be used every day as prescribed.
  • They help control the pressure inside the eye to prevent further damage.
  • It’s important to use eye drops properly to get the best possible results.
  • Your doctor may adjust the type or dosage if needed.

Many people use glaucoma eye drops long-term to help manage their condition and keep their vision stable.

Laser Treatment

Laser therapy can help fluid flow more easily from the eye, reducing pressure levels. It is often recommended if eye drops aren’t enough to control the condition.

  • This is a comfortable procedure performed by an eye doctor.
  • It helps open the drainage angle to improve fluid flow.
  • It may reduce or end the need for eye drops in some cases.
  • Different types of laser treatments are available depending on the type of glaucoma. Some common laser treatments include:
    • Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT laser): often used for open-angle glaucoma to improve drainage.
    • YAG Laser Iridotomy: typically used for angle-closure glaucoma to create a small opening in the iris, allowing better fluid movement.

Laser therapy is an effective option for many people, but results can vary. Some individuals may need extra treatments over time to maintain healthy eye pressure.

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS)

Surgical procedures may be suggested for some individuals to help lower IOP and protect vision. MIGS, like iStent and Hydrus, offer faster recovery than traditional surgeries.

  • These procedures help fluid drain more efficiently from the eye.
  • They can often be performed alongside cataract surgery.
  • They may reduce the need for long-term medication.
  • Your eye doctor will discuss which surgical options may be suitable for you.

Preventing Glaucoma And Further Vision Loss

Taking care of your eyes and health can lower your risk. Here are some ways you can protect your vision:

  • Get regular eye exams to detect glaucoma early.
  • Keep high blood pressure and other health issues under control.
  • Wear safety glasses to prevent an eye injury.
  • Stick to a good lifestyle by eating a balanced diet, exercising, and avoiding smoking.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is at higher risk of developing glaucoma?Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness surgery

Some people may have a higher risk of glaucoma if they:

  • Have a family history of glaucoma
  • Are over 40 years old
  • Have high eye pressure
  • Have high blood pressure or diabetes
  • Have experienced an eye injury

Can glaucoma cause headaches?

Yes, glaucoma can cause headaches. This happens when eye pressure gets too high. It is more common with acute angle-closure glaucoma. But if you have open-angle glaucoma, you may not get headaches.

Can wearing glasses or contact lenses prevent glaucoma?

No, glasses and contact lenses help you see clearly, but they do not stop glaucoma. The best way to protect your vision is to get regular eye check-ups.

Conclusion

Glaucoma is a serious eye disease that can lead to vision loss if not detected and managed early. Yet, there are ways to protect your eyesight.

Getting regular eye check-ups, following your treatment plan, and knowing your risk factors can help you take care of your vision.

Your vision is important. If you have questions about glaucoma or want to check your eye health, we’re here in Melbourne to help.

Book an eye exam today and take a step towards protecting your sight. Contact Armadale Eye Clinic today at (03) 9070 5753 to schedule your appointment!

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources

Biggerstaff K S 2024. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology Dersu I Irak, editor. Medscape. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-overview [Accessed February 7, 2025]

George R, Panda S & Vijaya L 2021. Blindness in Glaucoma: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Versus Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma—a Meta-Analysis. Eye 36, 2099–2105. 10.1038/s41433-021-01802-9

Reddy N 2024. Laser Surgery for Glaucoma: How It Works and What to Expect. GoodRx. Available at: https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/glaucoma/glaucoma-surgery [Accessed February 7, 2025]

Smith H 2024. What to Know About Early Signs of Glaucoma. Medical News Today. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-glaucoma [Accessed February 7, 2025]

Taylor M 2023. 11 Tips for Eating for Glaucoma. HealthCentral. Available at: https://www.healthcentral.com/slideshow/glaucoma-diet-nutrition-tips [Accessed February 7, 2025]

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Is Glaucoma Hereditary

Is Glaucoma Hereditary? Understanding Genetic Risks And Management Strategies

Glaucoma is a serious ocular disease that can lead to vision loss if not managed adequately. As one of the fundamental causes of blindness worldwide, understanding glaucoma is essential for early detection and prevention, which begs the question, Is glaucoma hereditary?

This article delves into the hereditary aspects of glaucoma, various types of glaucoma, and modern management options, including topical eye drops, YAG laser iridotomy, SLT laser, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).

By gaining a deeper understanding, you can take proactive steps towards safeguarding your eye health.

Understanding Glaucoma

Is Glaucoma Hereditary consultGlaucoma is an eye disorder that destroys the optic nerve, oftentimes due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

This pressure buildup can damage the delicate fibres of the optic nerve, leading to irreversible vision loss if left untackled.

But is glaucoma hereditary?

The answer is yes, in many cases. Family history plays a vital role in an individual’s risk of experiencing glaucoma.

Types Of Glaucoma

There are many types of glaucoma, each with its own unique characteristics.

Understanding these types can help in recognising the early signs and managing the condition effectively.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a common form.

It develops slowly over time as the eye’s drainage system becomes less optimal, increasing eye pressure.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Also known as primary angle-closure glaucoma or closed-angle glaucoma, this type occurs when the iris restricts the drainage angle in the eye.

This can lead to acute attacks, characterised by sudden eye pain, headaches, and blurred vision.

Congenital Glaucoma

Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth and is caused by an error in the development of the eye’s drainage system.

There’s a risk that this condition can be passed down, especially in cases of early-onset glaucoma.

Secondary Glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma happens as a result of another eye condition or injury.

Inflammatory eye diseases, eye injuries, or medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure can increase the risk of developing glaucoma.

Is Glaucoma Hereditary? Glaucoma Risk Factors

When discussing whether glaucoma is hereditary, it’s important to recognise that genetic factors play a significant role.

Is Glaucoma Hereditary checkupGlaucoma hereditary patterns suggest that those with immediate family members who have glaucoma are at a greater risk of developing the condition.

Specific genes responsible for glaucoma have been identified, and these genetic mutations can increase a person’s risk of developing the disease.

A family history of glaucoma is considered one of the reasons someone may develop glaucoma, particularly in primary open-angle glaucoma and juvenile open-angle glaucoma.

Apart from genetics, other risk factors can increase your risk of experiencing open-angle glaucoma or developing angle-closure glaucoma.

These include age (older adults are at higher risk), ethnicity (people of African or Hispanic origin have a greater risk), and medical conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.

Understanding these risk factors for glaucoma is crucial to fighting glaucoma and managing its progression.

Glaucoma Management Options

Managing glaucoma effectively involves early detection and a range of management options.

While glaucoma has no cure, various steps can help control intraocular pressure and reduce glaucoma risks.

Topical Eye Drops

Topical eye drops are oftentimes the first line of defence for managing glaucoma.

These eye drops work either by reducing the production of aqueous humour or increasing its drainage from the eye.

They lower eye pressure and help prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Regular use of prescribed eye drops is essential to managing the condition properly.

YAG Laser Iridotomy

YAG laser iridotomy is a common procedure for managing angle-closure glaucoma.

It involves creating a small opening in the iris to improve the flow of aqueous humour and relieve pressure.

This procedure is particularly good at preventing acute attacks of angle-closure glaucoma.

Also, it is often recommended for those at higher risk of developing this condition.

SLT Laser (Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty)

Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is another effective management for open-angle glaucoma.

SLT laser targets the eye’s drainage system, enhancing the outflow of fluid and reducing intraocular pressure.

It is a non-invasive procedure that can be repeated if necessary and is a popular choice for those who may not respond well to topical eye drops.

MIGS (Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery)

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) offers a less invasive option for managing glaucoma, particularly when combined with cataract surgery.

Two popular MIGS devices are the iStent and Hydrus.

These tiny devices are implanted into the eye’s drainage system, helping to improve fluid outflow and lower eye pressure.

MIGS procedures may be recommended for patients with mild-to-moderate glaucoma who are undergoing cataract surgery.

 

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Is glaucoma always hereditary?

No, while hereditary glaucoma is common, not everyone with glaucoma has a family history of the condition.

Other factors, like age, ethnicity, and certain medical conditions, also play a role in developing glaucoma.

Can glaucoma be cured?

You cannot treat glaucoma, but it can be managed with early detection and proper measures.

The goal is to mitigate further damage to the optic nerve and sustain vision.

How often should I get my eyes checked if glaucoma runs in my family?

If you have a family history of glaucoma, your skilled eye doctor should recommend a comprehensive eye exam.

Early detection is necessary when it comes to slowing down vision loss.

Are there lifestyle changes that may help prevent glaucoma?

Maintaining a good lifestyle, which includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and addressing medical issues such as high blood pressure, may help lower your chance of developing glaucoma.

Regular eye examinations may also be necessary for early detection.

What are the early glaucoma symptoms?

In many cases, glaucoma develops without noticeable symptoms.

However, some early signs include loss of peripheral vision, pain, headaches, and halos around lights.

Regular eye exams are key to detecting these early signs.

Wrapping Up: The Importance Of Early Detection And Management

Is Glaucoma Hereditary procedureFinding the answer to the common question, “Is glaucoma hereditary?” is essential for those with a family history of the condition.

While genetics play a significant role, other elements such as age, ethnicity, and medical conditions also contribute to the risk of developing glaucoma.

Early detection and proper management, including topical eye drops, YAG laser iridotomy, SLT laser, and MIGS, are crucial in preventing vision loss.

By staying aware and proactive, you can protect your eyes’ health and reduce the risk of glaucoma.

Contact Armadale Eye Clinic in Melbourne at (03) 9070 5753 to take the first step towards safeguarding your sight.

Our experienced team of eye specialists is here to provide personalised care and the current management options to help you maintain healthy eyes for life.

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources:

Biggerstaff, Kristin S. “Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG).” Medscape, 9 Jan. 2024, emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-overview. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Heslep, Grant, MD. “Family History, Ethnicity Give Insights Into Glaucoma.” Mayo Clinic Health System, 24 Jan. 2024, www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/family-history-ethnicity-and-glaucoma. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Pharm, Ratan-NM. “Types of Glaucoma.” News-Medical, 3 Feb. 2019, www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of Glaucoma.aspx. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

National Glaucoma Research. “Glaucoma: Facts and Figures.” BrightFocus Foundation, 14 July 2021, www.brightfocus.org/glaucoma/article/glaucoma-facts-figures. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

“Risk Factors for Glaucoma.” Glaucoma Australia, glaucoma.org.au/what-is-glaucoma/risk-factors-for-glaucoma. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Winderl, Amy Marturana. “A Guide to Glaucoma Surgery.” Health, 25 Nov. 2023, www.health.com/condition/glaucoma/glaucoma-surgery. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

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What Causes Glaucoma?

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Signs of Glaucoma That You Need To Lookout For

Glaucoma is a category of eye disease known as optic neuropathies. The optic nerve of the eye is responsible for carrying signals received by the sensory retina at the back of the eyeball all the way to the visual processing centres of the brain for what we call sight.

Considering that 2 out of every 100 of Australians will develop glaucoma in their lifetime, it’s not unlikely that you perhaps already know someone who has been diagnosed with the disease, or at least you’ve heard of the term. But what is glaucoma and how is treated, and more importantly, are there any early signs of glaucoma that you could look out for? 

 

What Causes Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is diagnosed when the optic nerve suffers progressive damage due to an increase in the pressure of the eye, known as the intraocular pressure. In order to keep a healthy optic nerve, the normal intraocular pressure range is typically quoted as between 10-21mmHg (millimetres of mercury), however, it’s important to note that this does not mean that someone with intraocular pressures within this range will never develop glaucoma or someone with pressures slightly higher than this will definitely have glaucoma.

At a basic level, the intraocular pressure is determined by the balance of fluid production and drainage within the eye; this fluid is known as aqueous humour, and is different from the tears you secrete on the surface of the eye. If aqueous drainage is hindered for some reason, or if production is excessive, this will cause the intraocular pressures to rise. 

Glaucoma is an extremely complex disease and doctors do not fully understand all the factors that interact and contribute to its development. We know that age plays a big role, particularly past the age of 50. People who have a direct family member with glaucoma are ten times more likely to develop it themselves, suggesting a genetic factor. Through research we have also noted various other associations with the risk of glaucoma, including the presence of sleep apnoea, diabetes, and myopia (short-sightedness). 

 

The Signs of Glaucoma

Unfortunately, glaucoma has a nickname – the sneak thief of sight. This is because in the vast majority of cases, glaucoma, at least in the early to moderate stages, is actually asymptomatic.

causes treatment signs of glaucoma melbourneIn fact, half of people who have glaucoma are unaware they have the disease. There is a specific type of glaucoma called acute angle-closure glaucoma that can present with noticeable symptoms, such as severe pain, a red eye, and hazy vision, however, most people with glaucoma will have no warning until the more advanced stages of the disease when there is already marked vision loss. 

The reason for this is because the optic nerve itself feels no pain from any damage, and the loss of vision from glaucoma typically begins in the periphery. If you think about which areas of your vision you’re most aware of, it’s your central vision – when you want to pay attention to something or someone, you will tend to look directly at it.

Peripheral vision is still important, such as noticing the movement of something coming towards you out of the corner of your eye, but we are less likely to be aware of changes and deterioration to the extremities of our visual field, particularly if they occur as slowly over time as happens during glaucoma. By the time a person with glaucoma does become aware that their peripheral vision has deteriorated, the disease is already likely in its advanced stages. 

Because of this, regular eye exams with an eyecare practitioner, whether your local optometrist or, if you have strong risk factors for glaucoma, an ophthalmologist, is your best chance of diagnosing any glaucoma while the disease is still in its asymptomatic early stages. A thorough eye exam is able to detect the signs of glaucoma before you become aware of any issues and will involve tests such as:

  • Measuring your intraocular pressure
  • Examining the features of your optic nerves including its size and colour
  • Taking scans of your retinal nerve fibre layer to detect any areas of thinning and damage
  • Performing a visual field test to map the sensitivity of your peripheral vision

If glaucoma is detected, your eyecare clinician can commence appropriate glaucoma treatment immediately. 

 

Glaucoma Treatment

Luckily, the treatment of glaucoma is often quite effective. Although there is no currently existing cure that can reverse any vision loss that has already occurred or get rid of glaucoma altogether, timely glaucoma treatment aims to prevent or at least slow further vision loss. 

A great deal of research is going into treatment for glaucoma as we understand more about the disease. All therapies aim to improve the balance between aqueous outflow and production, thereby reducing the intraocular pressure. Currently, available treatment options include:

  • Eye drop medications – these are instilled at least once a day and will need to be taken long-term to keep the eye pressures under control
  • Laser treatment – known as laser trabeculoplasty, some patients only require this once-off while others may need a repeat application a few years later
  • Surgery – there are various effective surgical techniques to improve the drainage of aqueous humour from the eye, such as the insertion of a stent or shunt 

Each treatment has pros and cons and one may be more suitable for an individual compared to another. The most important thing to remember is undiagnosed glaucoma cannot be treated – regular eye tests are your best bet at catching it early.

 

 

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

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