September 2024 - Armadale Eye Clinic

what age do you get cataracts

At What Age Do You Get Cataracts? Exploring The Onset Of Age-Related Vision Changes

September 19, 2024/0 Comments/in Cataract Surgery /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Cataracts are an inevitable part of the ageing process for many individuals. As we grow older, the once crystal-clear lens of our eyes can begin to cloud, leading to a gradual decline in vision quality. While often associated with advancing years, this transformation can also be influenced by various factors, making it crucial to understand the nuances of cataracts. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of cataracts, exploring their causes, the answer to the question, “At what age do you get cataracts?”, symptoms to watch for, and the importance of timely treatment.

By shedding light on this common condition, we aim to provide you with the knowledge necessary to recognise and address cataracts effectively, ensuring your vision and quality of life remain uncompromised.

Understanding Cataracts

Cataracts are a prevalent eye condition where the eye’s natural lens becomes cloudy, leading to blurry vision and if left untreated, vision loss. The lens, normally clear, allows light rays to pass through and focus on the retina, providing clear vision.

However, this process is obstructed when cataracts develop, resulting in cloudy or blurred vision. Cataracts can happen in one eye or both, significantly impacting daily activities, such as reading, driving, and recognising faces.

At What Age Do You Get Cataracts?

Cataracts’ risk factors are primarily age-related, with most developing in people over the age of 50. However, due to various factors, they can also occur in younger people. It’s important to note that everyone’s experience can vary. Some individuals might develop cataracts in their 80s.

Signs You Are Developing Cataracts

Recognising the symptoms of cataracts early can help in seeking timely treatment. Common signs include:

Blurry Vision: Vision becomes increasingly blurred, making reading or seeing distant objects difficult.
Poor Night Vision: Difficulty seeing clearly at night, oftentimes accompanied by glare or halos around lights.
Double Vision: Seeing several images of a single item, especially in one eye.
Sensitivity To Light: Bright lights may cause discomfort or glare.
Cloudy Lens: The lens of the eye appears cloudy or opaque.
Trouble Reading: Difficulty reading small print or needing brighter light for reading.
Changes In Your Vision: Frequent changes in prescription glasses or contact lenses.
Vision Problems: General decline in vision quality, affecting daily activities.

What To Expect When You Get Your Cataract Treatment

Cataract treatment is a meticulous process designed to restore your vision to its optimal clarity. Understanding the journey from diagnosis to post-operative care can significantly alleviate any apprehensions and prepare you for a smooth, successful experience. Here’s a detailed look at what you can expect when undergoing cataract treatment.

Diagnosis

The path to clear vision begins with a comprehensive eye examination by a qualified eye care professional. To get your cataracts diagnosed, you may go through several tests to ensure a precise and thorough assessment of your eye health.

Visual Acuity Test

The visual acuity test is a fundamental component of the eye examination. It measures how well you can see at various distances. This test helps determine how much cataracts have impacted your vision and aids in planning the appropriate treatment.

Slit-Lamp Examination

A slit-lamp examination allows your eye doctor to closely inspect the structures at the front of your eye under magnification. This advanced device provides a detailed view of the cornea, iris, lens, and fluid chamber between the cornea and iris, enabling the detection of any abnormalities, including cataracts.

Treatment Options

Once cataracts are diagnosed, your eye care provider will discuss the most effective treatment options tailored to your condition. In most cases, cataract surgery is recommended to restore clear vision. Cataract surgery is an optimal and common surgical procedure known for its high success rate and quick recovery time. Here’s an overview of what the surgical process entails:

Cataract Removal

The first step in cataract surgery involves removing the clouded natural lens. Using advanced surgical techniques, the surgeon makes a tiny incision in the eye and employs an ultrasound probe to cut the cloudy lens into small fragments, which are then suctioned out. This procedure, known as phacoemulsification, is the traditional method, which is typically performed under local anaesthesia. Another method that may be available upon request is using laser technology.

Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implantation

After the cataract is taken out, an intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted to replace the original lens. The IOL is a clear, artificial lens meticulously selected to match your eye’s unique specifications, ensuring the restoration of sharp, clear vision. Various types of IOLs are available, including monofocal, multifocal, and toric lenses, each offering different benefits based on your lifestyle and visual needs.

Use Of Eye Drops

Your eye care provider will prescribe a regimen of eye drops to be used before and after the surgery to facilitate a smooth recovery and prevent complications.

These drops help prevent infection, reduce inflammation, and promote healing. Adhering to the prescribed schedule for these medications is crucial for achieving the best possible outcome from your cataract surgery.

Post-Operative Care

The success of cataract surgery extends beyond the operating room. Post-operative care plays a crucial role in accomplishing full recovery and optimal vision restoration. Here’s what to expect during the recovery phase:

Immediate Recovery

After the surgery, you will be monitored briefly before being allowed to go home. Having someone accompany you is essential, as your vision may be temporarily impaired. Your eye specialist will offer detailed instructions on how to care for your eye, such as using protective eyewear and avoiding strenuous activities.

Follow-Up Visits

Regular follow-up visits are scheduled to keep an eye on your progress and ensure the eye is healing properly. During these visits, your eye care provider will check for any signs of issues and adjust your treatment plan as necessary.

Long-Term Care

Maintaining good eye health post-surgery involves regular eye exams and a lifestyle supporting overall well-being.

By understanding the comprehensive process of cataract treatment, from initial diagnosis to post-operative care, you can navigate the procedure with confidence and peace of mind.

Cataract surgery not only restores clear vision but also enhances your quality of life, allowing you to continue enjoying the things you love with clarity and confidence.

Risks Of Not Getting Your Cataracts Treated

Not treating cataracts can lead to several complications, including:

Vision Loss: Progressive loss of vision, potentially leading to blindness.
Poor Night Vision: Increased difficulty seeing at night, affecting driving and other activities.
Eye Strain: Continuous strain due to blurry vision can cause headaches and discomfort.
Quality Of Life: Reduced ability to perform everyday tasks, impacting independence and quality of life.
Other Eye Conditions: Untreated cataracts can exacerbate other eye conditions.

Managing The Symptoms Of Cataracts

While age-related cataracts cannot be entirely prevented, certain measures can help delay their onset:

Wear Sunglasses: safeguard your eyes from harmful UV rays by wearing sunglasses.
Eye Health: Maintain good eye health through regular check-ups and a balanced diet.
Avoid Smoking: Smoking increases the chances of cataracts and other eye conditions.
Manage Medical Conditions: Control conditions like diabetes that can contribute to cataract formation.
Eye Protection: Use protective eyewear to prevent eye injuries.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are congenital cataracts?

Congenital cataracts exist since birth and can affect a child’s vision. They are less common than age-related cataracts and often require early intervention.

How are traumatic cataracts different?

Traumatic cataracts result from an eye injury and can develop immediately after the injury or years later. They may require different treatment approaches.

What are secondary cataracts?

Secondary cataracts, also known as after-cataracts, can develop after cataract surgery because of the growth of lens cells on the lens capsule. They are treatable with a simple laser procedure.

Can cataracts be treated without surgery?

In the early stages, vision aids like glasses or contact lenses can help manage symptoms, but cataract surgery is the only definitive treatment to replace the clouded lens.

Taking The Next Steps For Your Eye Health

Cataracts are a widespread eye condition. They primarily affect older adults but can also occur in younger people. If you diagnose cataracts early and take the necessary steps, you may prevent vision loss and improve quality of life.

Regular eye exams and good eye health are crucial to managing and preventing cataracts. If you experience any changes in your vision, diagnose and address potential cataracts. Ensuring your vision health is essential for maintaining joy and enjoying a high quality of life.

If you have any questions about cataracts or would like to schedule a consultation with our experienced team, please don’t hesitate to contact Armadale Eye Clinic in Armadale at (03) 9070 5753. Our dedicated staff is here to provide you with the information and support you need on your journey to a clearer vision.

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources:

Bedinghaus, Troy, OD. “Tests to Diagnose a Cataract.” Verywell Health, 16 July 2023, www.verywellhealth.com/testing-for-eye-cataracts-3421560. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Boyd, Kierstan. “What Are Cataracts?” American Academy of Ophthalmology, edited by David Turbert, 16 Oct. 2023, www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-are-cataracts. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Bsn, Rachael Zimlich Rn. “How Long Does It Take to Go Blind From Cataracts?” Healthline, 5 July 2023, www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/how-long-does-it-take-to-go-blind-from-cataracts. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Centre for Eye Research Australia. “Cataract.” Centre for Eye Research Australia | CERA, www.cera.org.au/conditions/cataract. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Mayo Clinic Staff. “Cataracts – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 28 Sept. 2023, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cataracts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353790. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Mph, Zia Sherrell. “What Foods Should You Avoid After Cataract Surgery?” Medical News Today, 13 Feb. 2023, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/food-not-to-eat-after-cataract-surgery. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Taylor, Kim. “Training Eyes After Cataract Surgery: Activities and Postsurgery Care.” Healthgrades, 17 Jan. 2024, www.healthgrades.com/right-care/cataract-surgery/training-eyes-after-cataract-surgery. Accessed 18 July 2024.

types of glaucoma

Your Simplified Guide To The Types Of Glaucoma, Its Signs, Causes, And Management Methods

September 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Retinal Surgery /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can result in vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. This damage often results from abnormally high pressure in the eye. Understanding the various types of glaucoma, recognising the signs, identifying causes, and knowing how to manage this condition are crucial for maintaining healthy vision.

What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma refers to a group of severe eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, a critical part of your vision pathway. The damage is oftentimes caused by increased pressure in the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). However, glaucoma can occur even when IOP is within normal ranges. If left unmanaged, glaucoma can lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness.

Types Of Glaucoma

There are many types of glaucoma, each with distinct characteristics and implications for eye health. Understanding these differences is essential for early detection and effective management.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Primary open-angle glaucoma is a prevalent type of glaucoma. It occurs when the drainage angle created by the cornea and iris stays open, but the trabecular meshwork is partially obstructed. This causes a gradual increase in eye pressure, leading to optic nerve damage.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Angle-closure glaucoma (also called closed- or narrow-angle glaucoma) occurs when the drainage angle created by the cornea and iris closes or is obstructed. This can occur suddenly (acute angle-closure glaucoma) or gradually (chronic angle-closure glaucoma). It is a medical emergency and necessitates immediate attention.
Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Also known as normotension or low-tension glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma occurs when optic nerve damage happens despite normal eye pressure. The exact reason is unknown, but it is believed that a susceptible optic nerve or reduced blood flow to the optic nerve might have a role.
Neovascular Glaucoma: Neovascular glaucoma develops when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the eye’s iris and obstruct its drainage angle. This is often associated with other conditions, like diabetes.

Signs You Have Glaucoma

Recognising the signs of glaucoma early is paramount to preventing significant vision loss. Since glaucoma often progresses silently, awareness of its symptoms is crucial for timely intervention and effective management. Here are some common signs to watch for:

Gradual Peripheral Vision Loss

In the early stages, primary open-angle glaucoma often presents with a gradual loss of peripheral vision, also known as “tunnel vision.” This incremental narrowing of the visual field can go unnoticed for years, as the central vision remains unaffected until later stages. Routine eye exams are essential for detecting these early changes before significant damage has occurred. Individuals may initially experience difficulty navigating crowded areas or frequently bump into objects on the side.

Severe Eye Pain

Severe eye pain may be a tell-tale sign of acute angle-closure glaucoma, a condition that develops suddenly and constitutes a medical emergency. Other alarming symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision, often accompany this intense pain. Acute angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the eye’s drainage angle becomes entirely blocked, causing a rapid increase in intraocular pressure. Immediate management is paramount to control the possibility of permanent vision loss.

Blurred Vision

Blurred vision or seeing halos around lights can indicate increased intraocular pressure, a hallmark of glaucoma. These visual disturbances result from the optic nerve’s stress and damage, leading to a gradual decline in the quality of vision. Patients might notice difficulty focusing on objects, increased glare, and halos around lights, especially in low-light conditions. These symptoms warrant a comprehensive eye examination to rule out glaucoma and other ocular conditions.

Severe Headaches

Frequent and severe headaches, particularly when accompanied by eye pain, can be a sign of angle-closure glaucoma. The headaches are often intense and may be mistaken for migraines or other types of headache disorders. The pain usually originates around the eye and can extend to the forehead and temple area. Given the serious nature of angle-closure glaucoma, an eye care professional should promptly evaluate any recurrent headaches with associated eye symptoms.

Eye Redness

Redness in the eye, especially when paired with pain and blurred vision, can indicate acute angle-closure glaucoma or other serious eye conditions. This redness results from increased pressure and inflammation within the eye, leading to congested blood vessels. Patients may also experience a gritty sensation in the eyes and increased tearing. Persistent eye redness requires immediate medical attention to determine the underlying cause and initiate an appropriate course of action.

Nausea And Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting, when occurring alongside severe eye pain and blurred vision, can signal an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack. These systemic symptoms are caused by the sudden spike in intraocular pressure, which affects the body’s overall physiological response. The presence of these symptoms signifies a severe form of glaucoma that needs urgent medical intervention to lessen optic nerve damage and irreversible vision loss.

Tunnel Vision

Advanced glaucoma can cause tunnel vision, in which only the central vision remains intact and peripheral vision is lost. This symptom is typically associated with long-standing, untackled glaucoma and signifies significant optic nerve damage. Patients with tunnel vision may find it challenging to perform daily mundane tasks such as driving, reading, and recognising faces. This condition greatly reduces the quality of life and underscores the importance of early detection and continuous monitoring of glaucoma.

Visual Disturbances

Other visual disturbances, such as flickering or shadowy images, light sensitivity, and frequent changes in prescription glasses, can also be early indicators of glaucoma. These signs are often subtle and may be attributed to normal ageing or other benign conditions, but they should not be overlooked.

Increased Intraocular Pressure

While not a symptom the patient feels, increased intraocular pressure can be detected during routine eye examinations. Regular monitoring of eye pressure is crucial for individuals at risk of glaucoma or those with a family history of the condition. Elevated eye pressure, even without other symptoms, necessitates further evaluation and possible intervention to control optic nerve damage.

Blind Spots

The presence of blind spots, known as scotomas, in the visual field can also be a sign of glaucoma. These blind spots occur due to localised damage to the optic nerve fibres and can be detected through visual field testing. Early identification and management of scotomas are essential to preserving the remaining vision.

Chronic Eye Fatigue

Persistent eye fatigue or strain, particularly when it does not resolve with rest, can indicate underlying eye pressure issues. Patients may experience a constant feeling of tired eyes, difficulty focusing, and general discomfort, which can be signs of developing glaucoma.

Reasons You Have Glaucoma

Several factors may increase the risk of developing glaucoma. Understanding these reasons is crucial for early detection and effective management of symptoms. Here, we delve into the key elements contributing to the onset of this complex eye condition:

Elevated Eye Pressure

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most significant risk factor for glaucoma, particularly for primary open-angle glaucoma. Elevated eye pressure results from the imbalance between the production and drainage of aqueous humour, the fluid within the eye. When this fluid fails to drain properly through the trabecular meshwork, it leads to pressure buildup. Prolonged elevated IOP exerts stress on the optic nerve, causing damage and subsequent vision loss. Regular eye exams are crucial for tracking eye pressure and detecting early signs of glaucoma.

Family History

A family history of glaucoma significantly increases the risk of developing the condition. Genetics play a crucial role in glaucoma, with specific genes linked to the disease. If you have close relatives, such as parents or siblings, diagnosed with glaucoma, your likelihood of developing the condition increases. Genetic predisposition underscores the importance of regular screenings for individuals with a family history of glaucoma, enabling early detection and intervention.

Age

The likelihood of glaucoma increases with age, especially for those over 60. As we age, the structures within the eye, including the drainage angle and optic nerve, undergo changes that may predispose individuals to higher intraocular pressure and optic nerve vulnerability. Age-related changes in the eye’s anatomy and physiological functions contribute to the higher prevalence of glaucoma among older adults. Regular eye examinations become increasingly vital as one ages to detect glaucoma in its early stages and slow down vision loss.

Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions are thought to be associated with an increased likelihood of glaucoma. Diabetes, for instance, can cause diabetic retinopathy, leading to changes in blood vessels and increased eye pressure. High blood pressure and heart disease can also impact blood flow to the optic nerve, increasing the chances of developing glaucoma. Conditions like migraine and myopia (nearsightedness) are linked to higher susceptibility. Managing these underlying conditions through appropriate medical care can help mitigate the risk of glaucoma.

Eye Injuries

Previous eye injuries can lead to secondary glaucoma, a form of glaucoma resulting from damage to the eye. Traumatic events, such as blunt force injuries, penetrating eye injuries, or chemical burns, can disrupt the eye’s drainage system, resulting in increased intraocular pressure. Additionally, eye surgeries and inflammatory conditions like uveitis can cause secondary glaucoma. Individuals with a history of eye injuries should have regular check-ups to monitor for potential glaucoma development.

Prolonged Use Of Steroids

Long-term use of steroid medications, including eye drops, oral steroids, and inhalers, can increase the risk of developing steroid-induced glaucoma. Steroids can elevate intraocular pressure by affecting the eye’s drainage system. Patients on prolonged steroid therapy should have their eye pressure monitored regularly to detect any changes and adjust their management plan accordingly. Reducing or modifying steroid use under medical supervision can help manage this risk.

Ethnic Background

Certain ethnic backgrounds have a higher likelihood of developing specific types of glaucoma. For instance, African populations are more prone to primary open-angle glaucoma, which tends to develop at an earlier age and progress more rapidly and even angle-closure glaucoma. Understanding these ethnic predispositions highlights the need for targeted screening and awareness campaigns in high-risk communities.

High Myopia (Nearsightedness)

High myopia is associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma. The elongated shape of a highly myopic eye can affect the drainage of aqueous humour, leading to elevated intraocular pressure. Patients with high myopia should have regular eye exams to monitor for signs of glaucoma and take necessary measures.

Thin Corneas

Individuals with thinner central corneal thickness are at a higher risk of glaucoma. Thin corneas can lead to an underestimation of intraocular pressure readings, potentially delaying the diagnosis of glaucoma. Corneal thickness measurement is an important part of glaucoma risk assessment.

Can Glaucoma Be Cured? Understanding The Chronic Nature Of Glaucoma

The term “cure” implies the complete eradication of a disease, but unfortunately, there is no glaucoma treatment in the traditional sense. The damage caused by any type of glaucoma to the optic nerve and the resultant vision loss are permanent. However, with early detection and proper management methods, the progression of the disease may be slowed or halted, preserving the remaining vision.

Strategies For Managing Glaucoma

Managing glaucoma effectively involves regular monitoring and treatment of symptoms to reduce IOP and optic nerve damage. While there are studies going on to see if precision medicine can be used to reduce instances of blindness, these are the current common strategies:

Licenced Eye Drops: Eye drops are often the first line of management option for glaucoma. They work by lessening the production of aqueous fluid or increasing its outflow from the eye.
Medication: Oral medications may be prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure.
Laser Treatment: Laser treatments, such as Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT), can help improve the drainage of aqueous fluid and reduce eye pressure.
Glaucoma Surgery: When medications and laser treatments are insufficient to control intraocular pressure, surgery may be recommended to manage glaucoma effectively. There are several surgical options available, including:
- Filtering/Trabeculectomy: Filtering or trabeculectomy surgery involves creating a new drainage channel to allow the aqueous fluid to drain out of the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure.
- Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS): MIGS offers less-invasive alternatives to traditional surgeries. These procedures aim to enhance the eye’s natural drainage system. Examples include iStent and Hydrus Microstent, small devices implanted to improve fluid outflow. For certain cases, MIGS procedures, including iStent and Hydrus, can be combined with cataract surgery. This combined approach addresses both conditions simultaneously, offering patients potential benefits regarding convenience and outcomes. Each surgical option is tailored to the individual patient’s needs and the specific characteristics of their glaucoma. Your eye care specialist will discuss these options and recommend the most suitable management plan based on your condition and overall eye health.
Regular Eye Examinations: Regular eye tests are crucial for detecting glaucoma early and monitoring its progression.
Healthy Lifestyle: keeping a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet and doing regular workouts, can help manage overall health and reduce glaucoma risk factors.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the early signs of glaucoma?

Early signs of glaucoma include accumulative loss of peripheral vision, blurry vision, and seeing halos around lights. Eye examinations are crucial for early detection.

How is glaucoma diagnosed?

Diagnosing glaucoma entails a comprehensive eye exam, including measuring eye pressure, inspecting the drainage angle, and assessing optic nerve health.

What should I do if I have symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma?

If you experience symptoms that can be similar to those of glaucoma, like severe eye pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision, seek prompt medical attention as it is a medical emergency.

What is the prognosis for individuals with glaucoma?

The prognosis for individuals with glaucoma varies depending on the type and severity of the disease and how early it is diagnosed and addressed. With early detection and proper management, many people with glaucoma can maintain good vision and control significant vision loss. Regular follow-up sessions with an eye care professional are essential for tracking the condition and adjusting the plan as needed.

Closing Remarks: Sustaining Vision Through Glaucoma Management

Understanding the types of glaucoma, recognising the signs, identifying the reasons, and knowing how to manage this condition can help preserve vision and slow down, if not prevent, significant vision loss. Comprehensive eye exams, early detection, and appropriate management plans are key to managing glaucoma effectively.

If you suspect you have glaucoma or are at higher risk, take proactive steps to help maintain your eye health and vision. By staying informed and vigilant, you can manage glaucoma and enjoy a high quality of life.

Take the first step towards preserving your vision. Call Armadale Eye Clinic in Armadale at (03) 9070 5753 to learn more about how we can help you manage glaucoma.

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources:

Bsn, Heather Smith Rn. “What to Know About Early Signs of Glaucoma.” Medical News Today, 17 Apr. 2024, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-glaucoma. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Glaucoma UK. “MIGS | Minimally Invasive Surgery.” Glaucoma UK, glaucoma.uk/about-glaucoma/treatments-surgery/migs. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Healthdirect Australia. “Glaucoma.” Healthdirect, www.healthdirect.gov.au/glaucoma. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Iftikhar, Noreen, MD. “Glaucoma Surgery: Types, Complications, and Recovery.” Healthline, 2 Sept. 2022, www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/what-types-of-glaucoma-surgery-are-there. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Jackson, Andrew. “African Descent and Glaucoma: Unraveling the Genetics Putting a Community at Higher Risk – Glaucoma Research.” Glaucoma Research Foundation, 6 Feb. 2023, glaucoma.org/articles/african-descent-and-glaucoma-unraveling-the-genetics-putting-a-community-at-higher-risk. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Mayo Clinic Staff. “Glaucoma – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 30 Sept. 2022, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Moroi, Sayoko E., et al. “Precision Medicine to Prevent Glaucoma-related Blindness.” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, With Evaluated MEDLINE/Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 30, no. 3, May 2019, pp. 187–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000564.