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Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness? Everything You Need To Know

April 4, 2025/0 Comments/in Armadale Eye Blogs /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Glaucoma is said to take away your vision slowly because of its damage to the optic nerve, which is important for seeing clearly. But does glaucoma cause blindness?

In this article, you’ll learn how glaucoma affects your eyes, the different types of glaucoma, and what treatments are available. You’ll also discover steps you can take to protect your eyesight.

Does Glaucoma Cause Blindness?

Glaucoma harms the optic nerve, which helps your eyes send pictures to your brain. This damage often happens when eye pressure gets too high. The eye makes a clear fluid called aqueous humour, which usually drains out naturally.

But if this fluid does not drain properly, pressure builds up and eventually impairs the optic nerve. Over time, this might lead to permanent vision loss.

The Role Of Eye Pressure

Your eyes need normal pressure to keep their shape and work properly. But if the pressure inside the eye, called intraocular pressure (IOP), gets too high, it can press on the optic nerve and cause damage.

Some people can even develop glaucoma without high eye pressure. That’s why regular eye check-ups are so important!

Types Of Glaucoma And Their Impact On Vision

Glaucoma comes in different types, and each one affects your vision in its own way. Some types develop slowly and painlessly, while others appear suddenly and need quick treatment. Understanding the differences will help you know the amount of risk and take steps to protect your eyesight.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG)

This is a common type of glaucoma that occurs when the eye’s drainage angle becomes less efficient, causing pressure to build up.

It develops slowly and may not show any early signs.
Over time, it can cause peripheral vision loss (side vision).
Without treatment, blind spots may develop, leading to permanent vision loss.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG)

This type happens when the drainage angle suddenly closes, causing a quick rise in eye pressure. It can happen fast and needs emergency care.

Acute angle-closure glaucoma can cause bad eye pain, blurred vision, and nausea.
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma develops slowly but still damages the optic nerve over time.
If not managed, it can lead to vision loss.

Normal-Tension Glaucoma (NTG)

This type of glaucoma can damage the optic nerve, even when eye pressure is normal. The exact cause isn’t clear, but it might be because of poor blood flow to the optic nerve.

Vision loss happens slowly, making it hard to notice at first.
Regular eye exams are the way to catch it early.

Congenital Glaucoma

This less common type of glaucoma is present at birth. It happens when a baby’s eye fluid doesn’t drain properly.

Babies may have cloudy eyes, sensitivity to light, and excessive tearing.
If unmanaged, it can lead to blind spots, blurred vision, or permanent vision loss.
Early treatment can help protect the child’s eyesight.

Recognising The Symptoms Of Glaucoma

Glaucoma can be hard to notice at first because it often develops slowly and without pain. Many people don’t realise they have it until their vision starts changing. That’s why regular eye check-ups are so important!

As glaucoma gets worse, you may start to notice changes in your vision. Some signs to look out for include:

Changes In Peripheral Vision

One of the early signs of glaucoma is losing side vision. This can happen so slowly that you may not realise it at first.

At first, you may not notice small gaps in your side vision.
Over time, your vision may feel narrower, like you’re looking through a tunnel.
This can make it hard to see objects to the side while walking or driving.

Blurred Vision

Glaucoma can also make your vision blurry or foggy, making it harder to see clearly.

You might find it hard to focus on objects, especially up close.
Things may look foggy or unclear, even when wearing glasses.

Blind Spots

As the optic nerve gets damaged, you may notice dark spots in your vision.

Small dark or missing areas in your vision may appear.
These blind spots can grow, making it harder to see clearly.

Severe Eye Pain (Especially With AACG)

Some types of glaucoma, like acute angle-closure glaucoma, can cause sudden and intense eye pain. This is a medical emergency.

The pain may be severe and sharp.
It may come with nausea, vomiting, and headaches.
If you experience this, seek medical help immediately.

Vision Changes In Dim Lighting

If glaucoma progresses, you may struggle to see in low light or adjust to darkness.

Walking in a dark room may feel difficult.
Night driving may become more challenging.

Eye Redness And Discomfort

Your eyes may feel irritated or uncomfortable, especially as the pressure inside the eye increases.

Your eyes may look red or irritated.
They may feel sensitive to light.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Glaucoma does not always cause early symptoms, so regular eye exams are necessary to catch it early. An eye doctor will look for signs of glaucoma before you even notice any vision changes.

To diagnose glaucoma, your eye doctor will perform a comprehensive dilated eye exam. This allows them to take a close look at your optic nerve, eye pressure, and vision. Here are some common tests they may use:

Visual Field Test

Glaucoma might cause blind spots in your vision, often without you realising it. A visual field test helps the doctor check if you have any missing areas in your sight.

You will be asked to focus on a target while responding to light signals.
This test maps out your field of vision to detect any changes.

Measuring Eye Pressure

Since eye pressure plays a big role in glaucoma, your doctor will check if it is within a healthy range.

This test helps determine if extra eye pressure may affect the optic nerve.
There are different ways to measure eye pressure, and your doctor will use the most suitable method.

Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT)

The optic nerve delivers visual information to your brain. Glaucoma can damage this nerve, so your doctor will examine it carefully.

OCT helps check for any signs of damage.
Tracking changes in this nerve over time can help with early detection.

Checking The Eye’s Drainage System

For some people, fluid inside the eye does not drain properly, which can raise pressure levels.

Your doctor may assess how well fluid drains from your eye.
If needed, treatment options can help improve fluid flow.

Treatment Options For Glaucoma

Glaucoma can’t be cured, but early management can help slow down vision loss. The goal of management is to lower IOP and protect the optic nerve from further damage. Your eye doctor will suggest the best possible option based on your type of glaucoma, eye pressure levels, and eye health.

Eye Drops

Eye drops are often the first step in managing glaucoma. They help lower eye pressure by improving how fluid drains from the eye or reducing the amount of fluid it produces.

Eye drops must be used every day as prescribed.
They help control the pressure inside the eye to prevent further damage.
It’s important to use eye drops properly to get the best possible results.
Your doctor may adjust the type or dosage if needed.

Many people use glaucoma eye drops long-term to help manage their condition and keep their vision stable.

Laser Treatment

Laser therapy can help fluid flow more easily from the eye, reducing pressure levels. It is often recommended if eye drops aren’t enough to control the condition.

This is a comfortable procedure performed by an eye doctor.
It helps open the drainage angle to improve fluid flow.
It may reduce or end the need for eye drops in some cases.
Different types of laser treatments are available depending on the type of glaucoma. Some common laser treatments include:
- Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT laser): often used for open-angle glaucoma to improve drainage.
- YAG Laser Iridotomy: typically used for angle-closure glaucoma to create a small opening in the iris, allowing better fluid movement.

Laser therapy is an effective option for many people, but results can vary. Some individuals may need extra treatments over time to maintain healthy eye pressure.

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgeries (MIGS)

Surgical procedures may be suggested for some individuals to help lower IOP and protect vision. MIGS, like iStent and Hydrus, offer faster recovery than traditional surgeries.

These procedures help fluid drain more efficiently from the eye.
They can often be performed alongside cataract surgery.
They may reduce the need for long-term medication.
Your eye doctor will discuss which surgical options may be suitable for you.

Preventing Glaucoma And Further Vision Loss

Taking care of your eyes and health can lower your risk. Here are some ways you can protect your vision:

Get regular eye exams to detect glaucoma early.
Keep high blood pressure and other health issues under control.
Wear safety glasses to prevent an eye injury.
Stick to a good lifestyle by eating a balanced diet, exercising, and avoiding smoking.

Frequently Asked Questions

Who is at higher risk of developing glaucoma?

Some people may have a higher risk of glaucoma if they:

Have a family history of glaucoma
Are over 40 years old
Have high eye pressure
Have high blood pressure or diabetes
Have experienced an eye injury

Can glaucoma cause headaches?

Yes, glaucoma can cause headaches. This happens when eye pressure gets too high. It is more common with acute angle-closure glaucoma. But if you have open-angle glaucoma, you may not get headaches.

Can wearing glasses or contact lenses prevent glaucoma?

No, glasses and contact lenses help you see clearly, but they do not stop glaucoma. The best way to protect your vision is to get regular eye check-ups.

Conclusion

Glaucoma is a serious eye disease that can lead to vision loss if not detected and managed early. Yet, there are ways to protect your eyesight.

Getting regular eye check-ups, following your treatment plan, and knowing your risk factors can help you take care of your vision.

Your vision is important. If you have questions about glaucoma or want to check your eye health, we’re here in Melbourne to help.

Book an eye exam today and take a step towards protecting your sight. Contact Armadale Eye Clinic today at (03) 9070 5753 to schedule your appointment!

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources

Biggerstaff K S 2024. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology Dersu I Irak, editor. Medscape. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-overview [Accessed February 7, 2025]

George R, Panda S & Vijaya L 2021. Blindness in Glaucoma: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Versus Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma—a Meta-Analysis. Eye 36, 2099–2105. 10.1038/s41433-021-01802-9

Reddy N 2024. Laser Surgery for Glaucoma: How It Works and What to Expect. GoodRx. Available at: https://www.goodrx.com/conditions/glaucoma/glaucoma-surgery [Accessed February 7, 2025]

Smith H 2024. What to Know About Early Signs of Glaucoma. Medical News Today. Available at: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/early-signs-of-glaucoma [Accessed February 7, 2025]

Taylor M 2023. 11 Tips for Eating for Glaucoma. HealthCentral. Available at: https://www.healthcentral.com/slideshow/glaucoma-diet-nutrition-tips [Accessed February 7, 2025]

Ocular Hypertension Vs Glaucoma

Ocular Hypertension Vs. Glaucoma: Key Differences To Know

February 19, 2025/0 Comments/in Armadale Eye Blogs /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Taking care of your eyes is important. Sometimes, the pressure inside your eyes can be too high, and this can cause problems. This article talks about ocular hypertension vs. glaucoma. Let’s learn about these two conditions and how they can be addressed.

What Is Ocular Hypertension?

Ocular hypertension happens when the pressure inside your eye is too high. Your eye has a fluid called aqueous humour that helps keep it healthy. If this fluid doesn’t drain properly, it can build up and raise the pressure in your eye.

Even though the pressure is high, it doesn’t hurt the eye’s optic nerve right away. But if you’re one of the untreated ocular hypertension patients, you may get glaucoma. That’s why getting ocular hypertension treated is necessary.

Most people with ocular hypertension don’t notice any changes in their vision. That’s why it’s really important to visit the eye doctor to have your eye pressure checked.

What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma is a disease that can hurt the optic nerve in your eye. It is often caused by high intraocular pressure, just like ocular hypertension.

If glaucoma is not treated, it can make you lose your vision. The good news is, if doctors find it early, treatment can help stop it from getting worse.

Types Of Glaucoma

There are different types of glaucoma, and they can affect your eyes in different ways. Let’s learn about the most common types:

Open-Angle Glaucoma

Open-angle glaucoma is the most common type. It happens when the eye’s drainage system works slowly, and the fluid in the eye can’t drain properly. This causes elevated eye pressure. Developing glaucoma of this kind may be gradual, so you might not notice any changes in your vision at first. That’s why it’s important to get regular eye exams to catch it early.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Angle-closure glaucoma is another common type, but it can be more serious. It happens when the drainage angle in the eye is blocked or narrow, causing the pressure to rise quickly. This can cause sudden symptoms like a headache, blurry vision, and eye pain. If you notice these signs, you should see your eye doctor right away.

Normal-Tension Glaucoma

In this glaucoma, people have normal eye pressure. Yet, the optic nerve still gets damaged. The cause of this is not understood, but it can happen when there is insufficient blood flow to the optic nerve. People with normal-tension glaucoma may not notice symptoms. So it’s important to see an eye doctor.

Congenital Glaucoma

Congenital glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that babies are born with. It happens when the drainage system in the eye doesn’t develop properly. If it’s not treated, it can damage the optic nerve and affect the baby’s vision. Babies with congenital glaucoma may have cloudy eyes or trouble seeing.

Secondary Glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma happens when another eye problem raises eye pressure. For example, an eye injury or infection can cause secondary glaucoma. Certain medicines, like steroids, can also increase the risk of secondary glaucoma.

Although each type of glaucoma is different, all can damage the optic nerve. It’s important to visit your doctor to check for signs of glaucoma, especially if you have a family history. Early detection may help protect your vision.

Ocular Hypertension Vs. Glaucoma: What’s The Difference?

In ocular hypertension, the pressure in the eye is high, but there’s no damage to the optic nerve yet. In glaucoma, the optic nerve damage is there because of the high pressure.

What Are The Symptoms?

People with ocular hypertension usually don’t feel anything. It’s called a “silent” condition because no obvious signs exist. That’s why it’s important to see the eye doctor.

Glaucoma, on the other hand, may start with blurry vision or seeing halos around lights. You might not notice it at first, but you could start losing side (peripheral) vision over time. If you notice any changes in your vision, it’s important to see your eye doctor.

Risk Factors For Ocular Hypertension And Glaucoma

Certain things can put you at risk of developing glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Some of these are:

Family History: If someone in your family has had glaucoma, this is a risk factor.
Age: People over 40 are more likely to develop these conditions.
High Blood Pressure: High blood pressure can increase the chances of eye problems.
Eye Injuries: Any injury to the eye can affect the pressure inside it.
Ethnicity: Those of African or Asian descent are at higher risk for glaucoma.

If you have any of these risk factors, it’s even more important to see your eye doctor for regular check-ups.

How Is Ocular Hypertension Diagnosed?

Ocular hypertension is usually found during a routine eye exam. Your eye doctor will use tonometry to measure the pressure in your eyes. They will also check the optic nerve to make sure it’s healthy.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

If your eye doctor thinks you may have glaucoma, they will do several tests. These might include:

Tonometry: To check the pressure in your eye.
Visual field test: To look at your side vision.
Eye exam: To check the nerve in your eye and see if there is any damage.

Treatment For Glaucoma

The goal is to lower the eye pressure and stop further harm to the optic nerve. Some of the treatments for glaucoma include:

Eye drops: These are used to lower eye pressure.
Laser Surgery: This can help open the drainage angle or make the drainage system work better.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery might be needed to create a new drainage path for the fluid.

Success Of Glaucoma Surgery

Glaucoma surgery can help lower eye pressure and stop more damage to the optic nerve. While the surgery can’t fix the damage that has already happened, it can prevent further vision loss. It’s important to keep seeing your eye doctor regularly to make sure the treatment is working.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is glaucoma surgery safe?

Glaucoma surgery can help lower eye pressure, but like any surgery, it has some risks. There may be problems like infection, bleeding, or changes in vision, but these are not so common.

Your doctor will talk to you and help you understand them. It’s important to follow your doctor’s advice before and after surgery to make sure everything goes well.

How often should I get my eyes checked?

It’s important to have regular eye exams if you are at risk for glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Your doctor will determine when to get checked based on age, family history, and health.

What happens if glaucoma is not treated?

If glaucoma is not treated, the pressure can hurt the optic nerve and lead to vision loss. That’s why early detection and treatment are important to protect your vision.

Can stress affect eye pressure?

Yes, stress can temporarily raise eye pressure. But it usually goes back to normal once the stress is reduced. Chronic stress may have other effects on health. So it’s always a good idea to manage stress and have regular check-ups to keep your eye pressure in check.

Key Takeaways

Taking care of your eyes is important to keep your vision healthy. Understanding the difference between ocular hypertension and glaucoma can help protect your eyes. If you have regular eye exams, follow your doctor’s advice and care for your health. This way, you can help keep your eyes and vision in great shape!

If you’re worried about ocular hypertension or glaucoma, we’re here in Melbourne. Early checks can help keep your eyes healthy.

Call Armadale Eye Clinic today at (03) 9070 5753 to make sure your vision stays strong and clear!

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources:

Biggerstaff K S 2024. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG). Medscape. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-overview [Accessed November 13, 2024]

Boyd K 2024. What Is Ocular Hypertension? American Academy of Ophthalmology. Available at: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-ocular-hypertension [Accessed November 13, 2024]

Glaucoma Australia. Risk Factors for Glaucoma. Glaucoma Australia. Available at: https://glaucoma.org.au/what-is-glaucoma/risk-factors-for-glaucoma [Accessed November 13, 2024]

Healthdirect Australia 2022. Glaucoma. Healthdirect. Available at: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glaucoma [Accessed November 13, 2024]

Mayo Clinic Staff 2022. Glaucoma – Diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clinic. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372846 [Accessed November 13, 2024]

NHS 2021. Glaucoma Treatment. NHS. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glaucoma/treatments/[Accessed November 13, 2024]

Is Glaucoma Hereditary

Is Glaucoma Hereditary? Understanding Genetic Risks And Management Strategies

October 28, 2024/0 Comments/in Armadale Eye Blogs /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Glaucoma is a serious ocular disease that can lead to vision loss if not managed adequately. As one of the fundamental causes of blindness worldwide, understanding glaucoma is essential for early detection and prevention, which begs the question, Is glaucoma hereditary?

This article delves into the hereditary aspects of glaucoma, various types of glaucoma, and modern management options, including topical eye drops, YAG laser iridotomy, SLT laser, and minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).

By gaining a deeper understanding, you can take proactive steps towards safeguarding your eye health.

Understanding Glaucoma

Glaucoma is an eye disorder that destroys the optic nerve, oftentimes due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP).

This pressure buildup can damage the delicate fibres of the optic nerve, leading to irreversible vision loss if left untackled.

But is glaucoma hereditary?

The answer is yes, in many cases. Family history plays a vital role in an individual’s risk of experiencing glaucoma.

Types Of Glaucoma

There are many types of glaucoma, each with its own unique characteristics.

Understanding these types can help in recognising the early signs and managing the condition effectively.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a common form.

It develops slowly over time as the eye’s drainage system becomes less optimal, increasing eye pressure.

Angle-Closure Glaucoma

Also known as primary angle-closure glaucoma or closed-angle glaucoma, this type occurs when the iris restricts the drainage angle in the eye.

This can lead to acute attacks, characterised by sudden eye pain, headaches, and blurred vision.

Congenital Glaucoma

Primary congenital glaucoma is present at birth and is caused by an error in the development of the eye’s drainage system.

There’s a risk that this condition can be passed down, especially in cases of early-onset glaucoma.

Secondary Glaucoma

Secondary glaucoma happens as a result of another eye condition or injury.

Inflammatory eye diseases, eye injuries, or medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure can increase the risk of developing glaucoma.

Is Glaucoma Hereditary? Glaucoma Risk Factors

When discussing whether glaucoma is hereditary, it’s important to recognise that genetic factors play a significant role.

Glaucoma hereditary patterns suggest that those with immediate family members who have glaucoma are at a greater risk of developing the condition.

Specific genes responsible for glaucoma have been identified, and these genetic mutations can increase a person’s risk of developing the disease.

A family history of glaucoma is considered one of the reasons someone may develop glaucoma, particularly in primary open-angle glaucoma and juvenile open-angle glaucoma.

Apart from genetics, other risk factors can increase your risk of experiencing open-angle glaucoma or developing angle-closure glaucoma.

These include age (older adults are at higher risk), ethnicity (people of African or Hispanic origin have a greater risk), and medical conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.

Understanding these risk factors for glaucoma is crucial to fighting glaucoma and managing its progression.

Glaucoma Management Options

Managing glaucoma effectively involves early detection and a range of management options.

While glaucoma has no cure, various steps can help control intraocular pressure and reduce glaucoma risks.

Topical Eye Drops

Topical eye drops are oftentimes the first line of defence for managing glaucoma.

These eye drops work either by reducing the production of aqueous humour or increasing its drainage from the eye.

They lower eye pressure and help prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Regular use of prescribed eye drops is essential to managing the condition properly.

YAG Laser Iridotomy

YAG laser iridotomy is a common procedure for managing angle-closure glaucoma.

It involves creating a small opening in the iris to improve the flow of aqueous humour and relieve pressure.

This procedure is particularly good at preventing acute attacks of angle-closure glaucoma.

Also, it is often recommended for those at higher risk of developing this condition.

SLT Laser (Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty)

Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) is another effective management for open-angle glaucoma.

SLT laser targets the eye’s drainage system, enhancing the outflow of fluid and reducing intraocular pressure.

It is a non-invasive procedure that can be repeated if necessary and is a popular choice for those who may not respond well to topical eye drops.

MIGS (Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery)

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) offers a less invasive option for managing glaucoma, particularly when combined with cataract surgery.

Two popular MIGS devices are the iStent and Hydrus.

These tiny devices are implanted into the eye’s drainage system, helping to improve fluid outflow and lower eye pressure.

MIGS procedures may be recommended for patients with mild-to-moderate glaucoma who are undergoing cataract surgery.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is glaucoma always hereditary?

No, while hereditary glaucoma is common, not everyone with glaucoma has a family history of the condition.

Other factors, like age, ethnicity, and certain medical conditions, also play a role in developing glaucoma.

Can glaucoma be cured?

You cannot treat glaucoma, but it can be managed with early detection and proper measures.

The goal is to mitigate further damage to the optic nerve and sustain vision.

How often should I get my eyes checked if glaucoma runs in my family?

If you have a family history of glaucoma, your skilled eye doctor should recommend a comprehensive eye exam.

Early detection is necessary when it comes to slowing down vision loss.

Are there lifestyle changes that may help prevent glaucoma?

Maintaining a good lifestyle, which includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and addressing medical issues such as high blood pressure, may help lower your chance of developing glaucoma.

Regular eye examinations may also be necessary for early detection.

What are the early glaucoma symptoms?

In many cases, glaucoma develops without noticeable symptoms.

However, some early signs include loss of peripheral vision, pain, headaches, and halos around lights.

Regular eye exams are key to detecting these early signs.

Wrapping Up: The Importance Of Early Detection And Management

Finding the answer to the common question, “Is glaucoma hereditary?” is essential for those with a family history of the condition.

While genetics play a significant role, other elements such as age, ethnicity, and medical conditions also contribute to the risk of developing glaucoma.

Early detection and proper management, including topical eye drops, YAG laser iridotomy, SLT laser, and MIGS, are crucial in preventing vision loss.

By staying aware and proactive, you can protect your eyes’ health and reduce the risk of glaucoma.

Contact Armadale Eye Clinic in Melbourne at (03) 9070 5753 to take the first step towards safeguarding your sight.

Our experienced team of eye specialists is here to provide personalised care and the current management options to help you maintain healthy eyes for life.

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

Sources:

Biggerstaff, Kristin S. “Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG).” Medscape, 9 Jan. 2024, emedicine.medscape.com/article/1206147-overview. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Heslep, Grant, MD. “Family History, Ethnicity Give Insights Into Glaucoma.” Mayo Clinic Health System, 24 Jan. 2024, www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/family-history-ethnicity-and-glaucoma. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Pharm, Ratan-NM. “Types of Glaucoma.” News-Medical, 3 Feb. 2019, www.news-medical.net/health/Types-of Glaucoma.aspx. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

National Glaucoma Research. “Glaucoma: Facts and Figures.” BrightFocus Foundation, 14 July 2021, www.brightfocus.org/glaucoma/article/glaucoma-facts-figures. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

“Risk Factors for Glaucoma.” Glaucoma Australia, glaucoma.org.au/what-is-glaucoma/risk-factors-for-glaucoma. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

Winderl, Amy Marturana. “A Guide to Glaucoma Surgery.” Health, 25 Nov. 2023, www.health.com/condition/glaucoma/glaucoma-surgery. Accessed 9 Aug. 2024.

types of glaucoma

Your Simplified Guide To The Types Of Glaucoma, Its Signs, Causes, And Management Methods

September 5, 2024/0 Comments/in Retinal Surgery /by Armadale Eye Clinic Team

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that can result in vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain. This damage often results from abnormally high pressure in the eye. Understanding the various types of glaucoma, recognising the signs, identifying causes, and knowing how to manage this condition are crucial for maintaining healthy vision.

What Is Glaucoma?

Glaucoma refers to a group of severe eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, a critical part of your vision pathway. The damage is oftentimes caused by increased pressure in the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). However, glaucoma can occur even when IOP is within normal ranges. If left unmanaged, glaucoma can lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness.

Types Of Glaucoma

There are many types of glaucoma, each with distinct characteristics and implications for eye health. Understanding these differences is essential for early detection and effective management.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Primary open-angle glaucoma is a prevalent type of glaucoma. It occurs when the drainage angle created by the cornea and iris stays open, but the trabecular meshwork is partially obstructed. This causes a gradual increase in eye pressure, leading to optic nerve damage.
Angle-Closure Glaucoma: Angle-closure glaucoma (also called closed- or narrow-angle glaucoma) occurs when the drainage angle created by the cornea and iris closes or is obstructed. This can occur suddenly (acute angle-closure glaucoma) or gradually (chronic angle-closure glaucoma). It is a medical emergency and necessitates immediate attention.
Normal-Tension Glaucoma: Also known as normotension or low-tension glaucoma, normal-tension glaucoma occurs when optic nerve damage happens despite normal eye pressure. The exact reason is unknown, but it is believed that a susceptible optic nerve or reduced blood flow to the optic nerve might have a role.
Neovascular Glaucoma: Neovascular glaucoma develops when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the eye’s iris and obstruct its drainage angle. This is often associated with other conditions, like diabetes.

Signs You Have Glaucoma

Recognising the signs of glaucoma early is paramount to preventing significant vision loss. Since glaucoma often progresses silently, awareness of its symptoms is crucial for timely intervention and effective management. Here are some common signs to watch for:

Gradual Peripheral Vision Loss

In the early stages, primary open-angle glaucoma often presents with a gradual loss of peripheral vision, also known as “tunnel vision.” This incremental narrowing of the visual field can go unnoticed for years, as the central vision remains unaffected until later stages. Routine eye exams are essential for detecting these early changes before significant damage has occurred. Individuals may initially experience difficulty navigating crowded areas or frequently bump into objects on the side.

Severe Eye Pain

Severe eye pain may be a tell-tale sign of acute angle-closure glaucoma, a condition that develops suddenly and constitutes a medical emergency. Other alarming symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision, often accompany this intense pain. Acute angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the eye’s drainage angle becomes entirely blocked, causing a rapid increase in intraocular pressure. Immediate management is paramount to control the possibility of permanent vision loss.

Blurred Vision

Blurred vision or seeing halos around lights can indicate increased intraocular pressure, a hallmark of glaucoma. These visual disturbances result from the optic nerve’s stress and damage, leading to a gradual decline in the quality of vision. Patients might notice difficulty focusing on objects, increased glare, and halos around lights, especially in low-light conditions. These symptoms warrant a comprehensive eye examination to rule out glaucoma and other ocular conditions.

Severe Headaches

Frequent and severe headaches, particularly when accompanied by eye pain, can be a sign of angle-closure glaucoma. The headaches are often intense and may be mistaken for migraines or other types of headache disorders. The pain usually originates around the eye and can extend to the forehead and temple area. Given the serious nature of angle-closure glaucoma, an eye care professional should promptly evaluate any recurrent headaches with associated eye symptoms.

Eye Redness

Redness in the eye, especially when paired with pain and blurred vision, can indicate acute angle-closure glaucoma or other serious eye conditions. This redness results from increased pressure and inflammation within the eye, leading to congested blood vessels. Patients may also experience a gritty sensation in the eyes and increased tearing. Persistent eye redness requires immediate medical attention to determine the underlying cause and initiate an appropriate course of action.

Nausea And Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting, when occurring alongside severe eye pain and blurred vision, can signal an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack. These systemic symptoms are caused by the sudden spike in intraocular pressure, which affects the body’s overall physiological response. The presence of these symptoms signifies a severe form of glaucoma that needs urgent medical intervention to lessen optic nerve damage and irreversible vision loss.

Tunnel Vision

Advanced glaucoma can cause tunnel vision, in which only the central vision remains intact and peripheral vision is lost. This symptom is typically associated with long-standing, untackled glaucoma and signifies significant optic nerve damage. Patients with tunnel vision may find it challenging to perform daily mundane tasks such as driving, reading, and recognising faces. This condition greatly reduces the quality of life and underscores the importance of early detection and continuous monitoring of glaucoma.

Visual Disturbances

Other visual disturbances, such as flickering or shadowy images, light sensitivity, and frequent changes in prescription glasses, can also be early indicators of glaucoma. These signs are often subtle and may be attributed to normal ageing or other benign conditions, but they should not be overlooked.

Increased Intraocular Pressure

While not a symptom the patient feels, increased intraocular pressure can be detected during routine eye examinations. Regular monitoring of eye pressure is crucial for individuals at risk of glaucoma or those with a family history of the condition. Elevated eye pressure, even without other symptoms, necessitates further evaluation and possible intervention to control optic nerve damage.

Blind Spots

The presence of blind spots, known as scotomas, in the visual field can also be a sign of glaucoma. These blind spots occur due to localised damage to the optic nerve fibres and can be detected through visual field testing. Early identification and management of scotomas are essential to preserving the remaining vision.

Chronic Eye Fatigue

Persistent eye fatigue or strain, particularly when it does not resolve with rest, can indicate underlying eye pressure issues. Patients may experience a constant feeling of tired eyes, difficulty focusing, and general discomfort, which can be signs of developing glaucoma.

Reasons You Have Glaucoma

Several factors may increase the risk of developing glaucoma. Understanding these reasons is crucial for early detection and effective management of symptoms. Here, we delve into the key elements contributing to the onset of this complex eye condition:

Elevated Eye Pressure

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most significant risk factor for glaucoma, particularly for primary open-angle glaucoma. Elevated eye pressure results from the imbalance between the production and drainage of aqueous humour, the fluid within the eye. When this fluid fails to drain properly through the trabecular meshwork, it leads to pressure buildup. Prolonged elevated IOP exerts stress on the optic nerve, causing damage and subsequent vision loss. Regular eye exams are crucial for tracking eye pressure and detecting early signs of glaucoma.

Family History

A family history of glaucoma significantly increases the risk of developing the condition. Genetics play a crucial role in glaucoma, with specific genes linked to the disease. If you have close relatives, such as parents or siblings, diagnosed with glaucoma, your likelihood of developing the condition increases. Genetic predisposition underscores the importance of regular screenings for individuals with a family history of glaucoma, enabling early detection and intervention.

Age

The likelihood of glaucoma increases with age, especially for those over 60. As we age, the structures within the eye, including the drainage angle and optic nerve, undergo changes that may predispose individuals to higher intraocular pressure and optic nerve vulnerability. Age-related changes in the eye’s anatomy and physiological functions contribute to the higher prevalence of glaucoma among older adults. Regular eye examinations become increasingly vital as one ages to detect glaucoma in its early stages and slow down vision loss.

Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions are thought to be associated with an increased likelihood of glaucoma. Diabetes, for instance, can cause diabetic retinopathy, leading to changes in blood vessels and increased eye pressure. High blood pressure and heart disease can also impact blood flow to the optic nerve, increasing the chances of developing glaucoma. Conditions like migraine and myopia (nearsightedness) are linked to higher susceptibility. Managing these underlying conditions through appropriate medical care can help mitigate the risk of glaucoma.

Eye Injuries

Previous eye injuries can lead to secondary glaucoma, a form of glaucoma resulting from damage to the eye. Traumatic events, such as blunt force injuries, penetrating eye injuries, or chemical burns, can disrupt the eye’s drainage system, resulting in increased intraocular pressure. Additionally, eye surgeries and inflammatory conditions like uveitis can cause secondary glaucoma. Individuals with a history of eye injuries should have regular check-ups to monitor for potential glaucoma development.

Prolonged Use Of Steroids

Long-term use of steroid medications, including eye drops, oral steroids, and inhalers, can increase the risk of developing steroid-induced glaucoma. Steroids can elevate intraocular pressure by affecting the eye’s drainage system. Patients on prolonged steroid therapy should have their eye pressure monitored regularly to detect any changes and adjust their management plan accordingly. Reducing or modifying steroid use under medical supervision can help manage this risk.

Ethnic Background

Certain ethnic backgrounds have a higher likelihood of developing specific types of glaucoma. For instance, African populations are more prone to primary open-angle glaucoma, which tends to develop at an earlier age and progress more rapidly and even angle-closure glaucoma. Understanding these ethnic predispositions highlights the need for targeted screening and awareness campaigns in high-risk communities.

High Myopia (Nearsightedness)

High myopia is associated with an increased risk of developing glaucoma. The elongated shape of a highly myopic eye can affect the drainage of aqueous humour, leading to elevated intraocular pressure. Patients with high myopia should have regular eye exams to monitor for signs of glaucoma and take necessary measures.

Thin Corneas

Individuals with thinner central corneal thickness are at a higher risk of glaucoma. Thin corneas can lead to an underestimation of intraocular pressure readings, potentially delaying the diagnosis of glaucoma. Corneal thickness measurement is an important part of glaucoma risk assessment.

Can Glaucoma Be Cured? Understanding The Chronic Nature Of Glaucoma

The term “cure” implies the complete eradication of a disease, but unfortunately, there is no glaucoma treatment in the traditional sense. The damage caused by any type of glaucoma to the optic nerve and the resultant vision loss are permanent. However, with early detection and proper management methods, the progression of the disease may be slowed or halted, preserving the remaining vision.

Strategies For Managing Glaucoma

Managing glaucoma effectively involves regular monitoring and treatment of symptoms to reduce IOP and optic nerve damage. While there are studies going on to see if precision medicine can be used to reduce instances of blindness, these are the current common strategies:

Licenced Eye Drops: Eye drops are often the first line of management option for glaucoma. They work by lessening the production of aqueous fluid or increasing its outflow from the eye.
Medication: Oral medications may be prescribed to reduce intraocular pressure.
Laser Treatment: Laser treatments, such as Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT), can help improve the drainage of aqueous fluid and reduce eye pressure.
Glaucoma Surgery: When medications and laser treatments are insufficient to control intraocular pressure, surgery may be recommended to manage glaucoma effectively. There are several surgical options available, including:
- Filtering/Trabeculectomy: Filtering or trabeculectomy surgery involves creating a new drainage channel to allow the aqueous fluid to drain out of the eye, thereby reducing intraocular pressure.
- Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS): MIGS offers less-invasive alternatives to traditional surgeries. These procedures aim to enhance the eye’s natural drainage system. Examples include iStent and Hydrus Microstent, small devices implanted to improve fluid outflow. For certain cases, MIGS procedures, including iStent and Hydrus, can be combined with cataract surgery. This combined approach addresses both conditions simultaneously, offering patients potential benefits regarding convenience and outcomes. Each surgical option is tailored to the individual patient’s needs and the specific characteristics of their glaucoma. Your eye care specialist will discuss these options and recommend the most suitable management plan based on your condition and overall eye health.
Regular Eye Examinations: Regular eye tests are crucial for detecting glaucoma early and monitoring its progression.
Healthy Lifestyle: keeping a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet and doing regular workouts, can help manage overall health and reduce glaucoma risk factors.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the early signs of glaucoma?

Early signs of glaucoma include accumulative loss of peripheral vision, blurry vision, and seeing halos around lights. Eye examinations are crucial for early detection.

How is glaucoma diagnosed?

Diagnosing glaucoma entails a comprehensive eye exam, including measuring eye pressure, inspecting the drainage angle, and assessing optic nerve health.

What should I do if I have symptoms of acute angle-closure glaucoma?

If you experience symptoms that can be similar to those of glaucoma, like severe eye pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, and blurred vision, seek prompt medical attention as it is a medical emergency.

What is the prognosis for individuals with glaucoma?

The prognosis for individuals with glaucoma varies depending on the type and severity of the disease and how early it is diagnosed and addressed. With early detection and proper management, many people with glaucoma can maintain good vision and control significant vision loss. Regular follow-up sessions with an eye care professional are essential for tracking the condition and adjusting the plan as needed.

Closing Remarks: Sustaining Vision Through Glaucoma Management

Understanding the types of glaucoma, recognising the signs, identifying the reasons, and knowing how to manage this condition can help preserve vision and slow down, if not prevent, significant vision loss. Comprehensive eye exams, early detection, and appropriate management plans are key to managing glaucoma effectively.

If you suspect you have glaucoma or are at higher risk, take proactive steps to help maintain your eye health and vision. By staying informed and vigilant, you can manage glaucoma and enjoy a high quality of life.

Take the first step towards preserving your vision. Call Armadale Eye Clinic in Armadale at (03) 9070 5753 to learn more about how we can help you manage glaucoma.

Note: Any surgical or invasive procedure carries risks. Before proceeding, you should seek a second opinion from an appropriately qualified health practitioner.

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Healthdirect Australia. “Glaucoma.” Healthdirect, www.healthdirect.gov.au/glaucoma. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Iftikhar, Noreen, MD. “Glaucoma Surgery: Types, Complications, and Recovery.” Healthline, 2 Sept. 2022, www.healthline.com/health/eye-health/what-types-of-glaucoma-surgery-are-there. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Jackson, Andrew. “African Descent and Glaucoma: Unraveling the Genetics Putting a Community at Higher Risk – Glaucoma Research.” Glaucoma Research Foundation, 6 Feb. 2023, glaucoma.org/articles/african-descent-and-glaucoma-unraveling-the-genetics-putting-a-community-at-higher-risk. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Mayo Clinic Staff. “Glaucoma – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 30 Sept. 2022, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839. Accessed 18 July 2024.

Moroi, Sayoko E., et al. “Precision Medicine to Prevent Glaucoma-related Blindness.” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, With Evaluated MEDLINE/Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 30, no. 3, May 2019, pp. 187–98. https://doi.org/10.1097/icu.0000000000000564.